The study of the correlation of microsatellites with the absence or presence of pelvic phenotypes in natural population reduced this interval to 23 kb in the intergenic region of Pitx1 , a . that your models have in representing the molecular process of Pitx1 gene transcription. Note that for simplicity, we are only showing one activator molecule present in a particular tissue. Investigation: Sticklebacks and Gene Regulation - The Biology Corner Three threespine sticklebacks, each about 2 1/2 inches long, that were captured from an Alaskan lake in 2010 as part of a three-decade study of their evolution from sea-faring fish to freshwater fish. 9. 8. They will then create models showing how Pitx1 gene transcription is regulated in two morphologically different populations of stickleback fish. (4) Cells acquire somatic mutations. The activators are associated with the appropriate switches. activator, cis-regulatory region, coding region, enhancer, eukaryotic gene regulation, mutation, promoter, regulatory switch, repressor, RNA polymerase, transcription factor. April 4th, 2012 - Genomics Stickleback is the catch first whole genome sequence of the threespine stickleback do not provide simple yes or no answers to such Studies of threespine stickleback developmental evolution April 26th, 2018 - Studies of threespine stickleback developmental evolution of threespine stickleback developmental evolution How can a spined stickleback fish have the exact same PitX1 sequence as a spineless stickleback? representations). Providing Multiple Ways for Students to Demonstrate Mastery of Concepts Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:24), showing key components of gene transcription. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages. Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish You isolate the DNA from the heart of the freshwater stickleback that lack pelvic spines. The Pitx1 DNA of marine stickleback fish contains a pelvic switch, while the Pitx1 DNA of freshwater The Google Drive folder is set as View Only; to save a copy of a document in this folder to your Google Drive, open that document, then select File Make a copy. These documents can be copied, modified, and distributed online following the Terms of Use listed in the Details section below, including crediting BioInteractive. The Pitx1 gene has multiple regulatory switches that control the expression of the gene in different tissues: the pituitary, jaw, and pelvic tissues. check mark next to the tissue(s) that will express Pitx1.) sequence-specific manner. Habitat and distribution The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies. with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. The animation in the film (8:00-8:24) and . humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice. Siegel M, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. identified in question #5 to show active eukaryotic gene transcription. DNA fragility in the parallel evolution of pelvic reduction in This animation is a clip from a 2005 Holiday Lecture Series, Evolution: Constant Change and Common Threads. Answer questions 1-8 using your knowledge of Pitx1 gene regulation from the film and the information in Figure 2. Stickleback Post Lab Quiz | Genetics Quiz - Quizizz Dev Cell. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! %%EOF Hum Mol Genet. This page is a draft and is under active development. 4. Pitx1 Regulatory Switches - Natural Selection Updated October - StuDocu As you saw in the film, the presence or absence of pelvic spines in the stickleback fish is controlled by whether the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the pelvic tissue. See our, URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pitx1/. 10. (For example, there should be no jaw- pelvis ! They control when and where certain genes are active. The mutations that cause Liebenberg syndrome likely relocate enhancers that promote the activity of genes involved in upper limb development to be near the PITX1 gene. You can use any shape to represent these proteins. In the jaw, there is a different activator (activator 1) that binds to the jaw switch to turn on Pitx1 in the jaw tissue. This hands-on activity supports concepts covered in the film Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies about the evolution of stickleback fish. 12. Create three research questions that would be appropriate for a historical analysis essay, keeping in mind the characteristics of a critical r, Carbon Cycle Simulation and Exploration Virtual Gizmos - 3208158, 1.1 Functions and Continuity full solutions. government site. However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. { "Activity:_Construct_a_DNA_Model" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Analyzing_Human_Pedigrees : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Do_Genes_Determine_Skin_Color?" Pelvic loss in different natural populations of threespine stickleback fish has occurred through regulatory mutations deleting a tissue-specific enhancer of the Pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1) gene. The types and amounts of proteins produced by a given cell in the body are very important and carefully regulated. Models serve many purposes. DNA and proteins are clearly and accurately labeled. 1. 100% (3 ratings) Step 1: According to the question of gene expression, in the gene expression exercise, we looked at the example of the PitX1 gene in stickleback fish. Analyzing Patterns in the Savanna Landscape. Consider what was revealed in the film. PDF Modeling the Regulatory Switches of The Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish Below is a simplified schematic representation of some of the genetic elements involved in the regulation of Pitx1 gene expression. Why do some stickleback populations lack pelvic spines Mutations in regulatory switches affect expression of a particular gene in a particular tissue without 8. View Stimuli and Receptors 1_10_2022.pdf from BIOLOGY 319 at University of Kentucky. Stimuli and Receptors 1_10_2022.pdf - Course Hero Abstract. on the level of students background knowledge, certain parts of the activity may be eliminated or may be. This is a nonsense mutation that introduces a premature 2023 Jan 31:2023.01.30.526059. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526059. 11. MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. View the full answer. regulatory switch (eye switch) that regulates Pitx The other has less armor and is missing its pelvic girdle, and is found in fresh water lakes. body morphology, development, genetic switch, mutation, pelvic fin, pelvis, pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1). In the space provided below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. marine and freshwater stickleback fish? 3. Changes in the DNA near the PITX1 gene cause Liebenberg syndrome, a rare condition characterized by abnormal development of the arms, resulting in short fingers (brachydactyly), joint deformities called contractures that limit movement of the elbows and wrists, and other bone and muscle abnormalities. The regulatory switches are included and placed correctly. Among these are simple sequence repeats . Access Free Name That Fish Answer Key Free Download Pdf - gaming.swisscom Low ionic strength water and absence of predatory fishes are associated with reduction of the pelvic skeleton, and lack of Pitx1 expression in the pelvic region is evidently . switch. Take this opportunity to reiterate that the genetic code is the same in all tissues other than While it was long thought that selection favored the loss of this trait, it was Please see the Terms of Use for information on how this resource can be used. lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly. However, as shown in the film, Pitx 6. Interestingly, protein production can be regulated at the translational and transcriptional steps, as well as after a protein is produced. The known Pel enhancer maps upstream of the stickleback Pitx1 gene . Regulating that expression simply means turning on or off or increasing or decreasing the production of a given protein. the exceptions listed in the Key Concepts and Learning Objectives. 4 white pipe cleaners, 12-18 inches long (or 18-inch white twine), Magic markers (blue, green, red, yellow, purple). For example, in the cells that develop into the pelvis there is a specific activator (activator 2) that binds to the pelvic switch to transcribe Pitx1 in that tissue. Unlike the mutations that cause Liebenberg syndrome (described above), these genetic changes reduce the amount of functional PITX1 protein, which disrupts normal development of the lower limbs. (Put a check mark next to the During development, stickleback fish express Pitx1 in different parts of the body, including the pelvis. MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. . We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. regulating gene transcription. 2. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Investigation: DNA, Proteins, and Sickle Cell, PART 2: REVIEWING THE REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION, PART 3: GENE REGULATION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. %PDF-1.5 % Dev (Put a check mark next to the tissue(s) eye ______ pituitary ______. Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent Investigation: Gene Switches in Stickleback Fish - The Biology Corner In multicellular eukaryotes, gene regulation is also important in building bodies. 4. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Diseases associated with PITX1 include Clubfoot, Congenital, With Or Without Deficiency Of Long Bones And/Or Mirror-Image Polydactyly and Liebenberg Syndrome.Among its related pathways are Beta-2 adrenergic-dependent CFTR expression.Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include DNA-binding transcription factor activity . Based on the information from the film, what is the difference in the DNA around the Pitx1 gene region between marine and freshwater stickleback fish? The absence of Pitx1 in the pelvis confers a Wikizero - Enhancer (genetics) 2012 Jun;20(6):705-8. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. At the genetic level, the developmental gene Pitx1 is known to have a pleiotropic influence on the development of the pelvis, mouth, and pituitary regions of the stickleback fish. A fish inherits a mutation in the Pitx1 coding region. In which tissue(s) would you expect to see this Pitx1 coding region mutation? Lab 5 Evolution and Speciation.pdf - Ashley Lopez 23 Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback that express Pitx1. Students correctly indicate whether Pitx1 is transcribed. The activator or repressor protein acts like the hand that flips the switch, but it can only turn the switch on or off if it can bind to the specific DNA sequence. Jy[E +;?>DYdUz'GINM Oct 5;91(4):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. The relevant gene is this case is Pitx1, a gene coding for a transcription factor that is deployed during development of the stickleback (and in most, if not all, other vertebrates). Cross), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Give Me Liberty! Two models will represent the Pitx1 gene region of the marine stickleback. What causes nitrates in fish tank? Stickleback - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics OGUyxkmV?5-Pa9{aq Draw an X over the mutated switch in the appropriate tissue(s). Mediators are labeled and clearly represented. Prevalent Introgression Underlies Convergent Evolution in the Diversification of Pungitius Sticklebacks. The Pitx1 coding region and promoter are represented. Genes Dev. Solved (Gene Expression) in the gene expression exercise, we | Chegg.com In both eukaryotic and bacterial systems a protein, either an activator or repressor, binds to a region of the DNA called an operator in prokaryotes and a regulatory switch or enhancer in eukaryotes. Epub 2012 Sep 27. Students will interpret molecular diagrams of eukaryotic gene, transcription to familiarize themselves with the molecular components and mechanisms responsible for The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, Schooling Behavior of Stickleback Fish from Different Habitats, Using Genetic Crosses to Analyze a Stickleback Trait, Regulation of Eukaryotic DNA Transcription. (2021) found Pitx1 to be the candidate causative gene for only one population of P. pungitius. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors.Enhancers are cis-acting.They can be located up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 bp) away from the gene, upstream or downstream from the start site. endstream endobj 626 0 obj <>/Metadata 73 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 621 0 R/StructTreeRoot 130 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 627 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 628 0 obj <>stream 7. Below is a simplified schematic representation of some of the genetic elements involved in the regulation of Pitx1 gene expression (from HHMI BioInteractive). Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis. Michael A Bell (Threespine Stickleback): Influence Statistics switch mutation? tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. Watch the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies. tissues at all times. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Earthworm" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Gene_Switches_in_Stickleback_Fish" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Phylogenetic_Trees" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation_-_Proteins_Sequences:_Are_Bats_Birds?" Be sure to label the proteins and DNA coding region in the tissues where you would expect to see the mutation. Make sure that students show or designate an absence of the pelvic switch and that there are no Make four models of Pitx1 DNA. Pay close attention to how the switches regulate the expression of the Pitx1 gene in stickleback embryos. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Anatomy_Worksheets : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Cell_Biology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chapter_6 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ecology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:smuskopf" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FLearning_Objects%2FWorksheets%2FBook%253A_The_Biology_Corner_(Worksheets)%2FGenetics%2FInvestigation%253A__Regulatory_Switches_of_the_PITX1_Gene_in_Stickleback_Fish, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). pelvis ! natural selection, mutation, adaptation, genes, proteins, protein-coding region, mutations. Activator molecules with specific shading can bind to switches with the same shading. Deer Park High School; David Prescott, St. John's Ravenscourt School; Jeannie Cuervo, Cleveland High School; Jeremy Barlow, Uniondale High School; A classic example of repeated evolution is the loss of pelvic hindfins in stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus).Repeated pelvic loss maps to recurrent deletions of a pelvic enhancer of the Pitx1 gene. Epub 2007 Aug 9. Solved The last question for 8 was:c.) Why do you think - Chegg The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. A frameshift mutation in the coding region will lead to the production of a non-functional pitx1 protein. jaw ______ pelvis ______ DNA polymerase mediators RNA polymerase, Which protein(s) from the list above bind(s) to regulatory switches in a sequence-specific manner? ;wc(2fXy`CkVU`@sNr$_U+!p\6w _/.c(8$U&SyHJi)r\S3vNMUx.65sYbl;r+jc;el[M#xX@FdHPfi;@ q Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 1-6. Now, in a normal school year, we have students construct a series of physical . The jaw, pelvis, and pituitary. Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. 12. (1) Mature red blood cells have no DNA. example, write letter a in the box pointing at the coding region of a gene. Lesson 8 Faults, Plate Boundaries, and Earthquakes, Copy Of Magnetism Notes For Physics Academy Lab of Magnetism For 11th Grade, Chapter 02 Human Resource Strategy and Planning, Week 1 short reply - question 6 If you had to write a paper on Title IX, what would you like to know more about? The .gov means its official. This drawing is missing all the protein components of eukaryotic gene transcription. Any types of materials that come in different colors can be used. Stickleback fish are small and have short generation times. outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies tissue(s) that express Pitx1.) You isolate DNA from jaw, pelvic, eye, and pituitary check mark next to the tissue(s) that will express If a fish does not produce activator 3 proteins, Pitx1 will be expressed in which of the following tissues? Interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. National Library of Medicine Biol. How is it related to gene expression? Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The PITX1 protein is also found in the developing pituitary gland, which is a hormone-producing gland located at the base of the brain, and in an embryonic structure called the branchial arch. 4. AP (20122013 Standards) 1.A, 1.A, 1.A, 1.C, 2.D, 2.E, 3.A, 3.A, 3.B, 3.C, Figure 2 illustrates how Pitx1 transcription is regulated in different tissues. 2023 Feb 28;12:e82824. Now, use one of the freshwater stickleback DNA, one set of protein models, and one piece of paper (or part . The absence of Pitx1 in the pelvis confers a unique phenotype: In both eukaryotic and bacterial systems a protein, either an activator or repressor, binds to a region of the DNA called an "operator" in prokaryotes and a "regulatory switch" or "enhancer" in eukaryotes. This investigation was modified from the HHMI Stickleback Modeling activity where students examine two different forms of the the stickleback fish. Construct models that accurately represent the regulation of Pitx1 transcription in marine and For example, the classic "Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish" activity is a perennial favorite of AP Biology teachers everywhere when they teach gene regulation. The Pitx1 gene has multiple regulatory switches that control the expression of the gene in different tissues: the pituitary, jaw, and pelvic tissues. learn about the proteins involved in eukaryotic gene transcription. Be sure to Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In which tissues would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed in the above scenario? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Note to Teachers: Students may also have general transcription factors and mediators in their model. Molecules | Free Full-Text | The Simple Biology of Flipons and This new switch binds a "YIa0,>Dy@""?m"`Fez{8 $!nNgg0014qN>0 @ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, hindlimb expressed homeobox protein backfoot, hindlimb-expressed homeobox protein backfoot, paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1. One form has spines and bony armor and is found in the ocean. 11. gene was introduced into maize, the maize became more branched and developed many ears. activators or repressor proteins present in that cell. below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic - Nature The stickleback fish family (Gasterosteidae) provides numerous opportunities to study the genetic basis of parallel evolution. ), Pitx1 is not expressed in any tissue 7.a. (Photo courtesy of Michael Bell) Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis and EXPLAIN your choice. Explain the role of each of the following, using the image to help you. When the maize . A marine stickleback has the Pitx1 gene expressed in multiple places, such as the head, lips, pituitary, and sides of the body, that allows the cells to grow a complete pelvis and spines as the lake fish do not have a blue spot on the side of their body that allows the growth of a pelvis or spine. Gene transcription is a complex process that involves the interactions of proteins and regulatory regions of DNA. The site is secure. This research confirms that the Pitx1 gene of pelvic-complete stickleback fish contains a non-coding regulatory sequence that controls the development of the . Pitx1 broadly associates Although Pitx1 null mutations are lethal in laboratory animals, Pitx1 regulatory mutations show molecular signatures of positive selection in pelvic-reduced populations. Check all that would apply. protein can be absent in the pelvis alone, and the fish survives. Whether a gene is expressed is dependent on the regulatory switches that the gene possesses and the Each switch Students review eukaryotic gene transcription using the example of a gene called Pitx1, which is . The PITX1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in development of the lower limbs. (Put a PDF | Adaptive ecotype formation can be the first step to speciation, but the genetic underpinnings of this process are poorly understood. You isolate the DNA from the heart of the freshwater stickleback that lack pelvic spines. a. Protein-coding region b. Having multiple switches enables Pitx1 to be used many times in different contexts and expands the versatility of that gene. (activator 3). This lesson is designed for high school biology (general bio and especially AP/IB) and introductory college Have students discuss in groups and make a list. Chan et al. Xie KT, Wang G, Thompson AC, Wucherpfennig JI, Reimchen TE, MacColl ADC, Schluter D, Bell MA, Vasquez KM, Kingsley DM. A large F2 cross derived from a Japanese marine stickleback (JAMA) and a freshwater benthic stickleback from Paxton Lake, British Columbia (PAXB), has previously been used to map QTL for lateral plate number, pelvic spine length, ventral pigmentation, and many components of the axial and branchial skeleton [9, 10, 25, 26]. 6. In the cell, a BIO CH 20,23-25 EXA 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Where would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed in the above scenario? The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. Modeling the Regulatory Switches of Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. Stickleback Correctly interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. and thus greatly expand the functional versatility of individual genes. Top Experts By Therapeutic Area ; Meet the experts at the top of their fields. Development. 4. In this activity, we will talk about how gene expression is regulated through transcription. Leveraging massively parallel reporter assays for evolutionary questions. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Both doi: 10.7554/eLife.82824. May;126(9):1805-10. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.9.1805. (The researchers had ruled out the possibility that the Pitx1 gene jumped to chromosome 4 in the ninespine stickleback.)
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