temporal bone, in a dural pouch known as Meckels cave. There are twelve cranial nerves, which are designated CNI through CNXII for Cranial Nerve, using Roman numerals for 1 through 12, based on the anatomical location on the inferior view of the brain, from anterior to posterior (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). 23 pairs of ganglia can be found: 3 in the cervical region (which fuse to create the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglions), 12 in the thoracic region, 4 in the lumbar region, four in the sacral region, and a single, and the unpaired ganglion impar mentioned above. These structures in the periphery are different than the central counterpart, called a tract. That includes feeling good (reward) about something you do, or feeling the need to avoid something. The oculomotor, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves contain fibers that . The PNS is composed of the groups of neurons (ganglia) and bundles of axons (nerves) that are outside of the brain and spinal cord. Figure 2: Location of the branchial motor and somatic motor cranial nerve nuclei. The glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX, is the ninth paired cranial nerve. special sensory functions and they are similar to the dorsal root ganglia except for they are associated with the cranial nerves and not the spinal nerves. Neurons from the The remainder of the nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers. In addition to playing a role in motor control, this part of the brain is also involved in other complex processes like cognition and emotion. Some of the most important things you can do include: The basal ganglia have a critical job in your brain, and experts are working to understand even more about what they do. Another type of sensory ganglia, are the ones that are found in the cranial nerves. The inferior ganglion houses cell bodies of neurons that supply the mucosa of the posterior one-third of the tongue, adjacent pharyngeal wall, auditory tube, and tympanic cavity. 19 Phox2 . Fibers from the nucleus ambiguus synapse in the . The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system. They also help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue. Read our, The Anatomy of the Central Nervous System. Your cranial nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (Figure 13.2.3). With invertebrates, ganglia often do the work of a brain. Ganglia is the plural of the word ganglion. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Figure 1: Schematic summarizing the origin and general distribution of the cranial nerves. Protecting the basal ganglia is very similar to taking care of your entire brain, as well as your body overall. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body. The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is responsible for controlling muscles in the oral cavity and upper throat, as well as part of the sense of taste and the production of saliva. Policy. Collection of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. N. Ahimsadasan, V. Reddy, A. Kumar: Neuroanatomy, Dorsal Root Ganglion. Author: effector organ (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands). Nerves to cranial nerves II, III IV, VI and IX. The optic nerve ends at the optic . Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. stress and danger. Some connections trigger the release of other neurotransmitter chemicals, which your body uses for communication and activating or deactivating certain processes and systems. The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the senses of hearing and balance. The accessory (CNXI) and hypoglossal (CNXII) nerves are also strictly motor. Because peripheral axons are surrounded by an endoneurium it is possible for severed axons to regenerated. A ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. the peripheral nervous system). The superior ganglion contains cell bodies of neurons which innervate the middle ear and internal surface of the tympanic membrane. In: Watts RL, Standaert DG, Obeso JA, eds. Bundles of axons in the PNS are referred to as nerves. They are divided into two broad categories, the sensory ganglia and the motor ganglia (which are associated with the autonomic nervous system). The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. If they dont approve the signal, they redirect it into an area where other brain cells dampen those signals until they stop. Ganglia play an essential role in connecting the parts of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the dorsal nerve root (Figure 13.2.1). Zygomatic: Helps you close your eyes. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system. A nerve ganglion is a group of nerves with similar or related functions that serves as a relay station or connection point for different nervous system structures. In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers . An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Cranial Nerves - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary Key Terms. The cell bodies of somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons are found in the The ganglia can be broadly categorized into two groups, that is, sensory ganglia (relating to the somatic nervous system (SNS)), and autonomic ganglia (relating to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)). Q. If the basal ganglia approve a signal, it continues to the motor pathways, the nerves that eventually carry the signal down your spinal cord and nerves to their destination muscle. 866.588.2264 One portion of these sensory ganglia connects to the peripheral nervous system. 1173185. This information includes touch, smell, taste, sound, and visual stimuli. A ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Degenerative diseases that affect ganglia in the peripheral nervous system may not be treatable. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. While best known for their role in controlling your bodys ability to move, experts now know they also play a role in several other functions, such as learning, emotional processing and more. Ganglia are oval in structure and contain neuronal cell bodies (somata), satellite cells (a type of E. L. Mancall, D. G. Brock: Grays Clinical Anatomy: The Anatomic Basis for Clinical Neuroscience, 1st edition, Elsevier Saunders (2011), Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam. Smith Y. Some of the most common tests include, but arent limited to: The treatments for conditions that affect your basal ganglia can vary depending on the condition in question. This is linked to another under the gut by nerve fibres running down each side of the gut. Neural - Cranial Nerve Development - Embryology - UNSW Sites Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Some of the structures are nuclei, but experts still group them under the name. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology. Inside the inferior (or the nodose) ganglion there are cell bodies of neurons that transmit general sensory information from the mucosa of the The three eye-movement nerves are all motor: the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI). The former tend to be located 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System - OpenStax The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. 12.5: Cranial Nerves - Medicine LibreTexts From here, it innervates its A. Ready to learn the autonomic nervous system in more depth - and be able to test your understanding? The basal ganglia manage the signals your brain sends that help you move your muscles. Nicholas R. Metrus, MD, is a board-certified neurologist and neuro-oncologist. Neuroanatomy, Geniculate Ganglion. The peripheral nervous tissues are out in the body, sometimes part of other organ systems. What is glaucoma? Their preganglionic neurons are located in the For example, the enteric plexus is the extensive network of axons and neurons in the wall of the small and large intestines. Ganglion - Physiopedia Lets take a look at the different types. The rest of the central nervous system runs under the gut. It is found in the modiolus of the cochlea and contains the bodies of the first-order neurons of the acoustic pathway. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00271. Figure 4: Somatic sensory pathway of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V). Some parts of the basal ganglia can also relay signals from different areas. This is a semilunar ganglion (also known as Gassers ganglio) that contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers that provide sensory innervation to the larger part of the head. Molly Smith DipCNM, mBANT The plural of "ganglion" is "ganglia." The pterygopalatine ganglion goes by several other names, including Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion, and sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). The cranial nerve nuclei The cranial nerve nuclei are made up of the neurons in the brainstem that receive primary sensory inputs or that give rise to motor outputs. Overview of nervous system disorders. In: StatPearls [Internet]. The ganglia extend from the upper Depending on the individual, there may not be any lingering symptoms after treatment. Reviewer: They form a part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems . spinal nerves, and on the ganglia of selected cranial nerves. She specializes in covering general wellness and chronic illness. Instead, they include several structures, ganglia and nuclei alike, found at the center of your brain. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face? Figure 3: Schematic showing the parasympathetic cranial nerve pathways. The basal ganglia consist of five pairs of nuclei: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic . Each neuron consists of the following: Neuron connections are incredibly complex, and the dendrites on a single neuron may connect to thousands of other synapses. The enteric plexus is actually part of the enteric nervous system, along with the gastric plexuses and the esophageal plexus. In describing the anatomy of the PNS, it is necessary to describe the common structures, the nerves and the ganglia, as they are found in various parts of the body. Read this article about a man who wakes with a headache and a loss of vision. Marginal mandibular: Draws your lower lip down (like a frown) and . 2023 These three layers are similar to the connective tissue sheaths for muscles. Q. Some deal with motor function (movement), some deal with sensory information (touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing, temperature), and some deal with both. Sensory ganglia, or dorsal root ganglia, send sensory information to the central nervous system. The geniculate ganglion is the sensory ganglion of the The roots of cranial nerves are within the, most common type of sensory ganglia. Motor ganglia also send information to the central nervous system from these organs. Axons from the rostral gustatory solitary nucleus project to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus VPM and ultimately terminate, both crossed and uncrossed, at the neocortex, the gustatory . The nerves attached to the brain are the cranial nerves, which are primarily responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck (with the exception of one that targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system). Because of the involvement of your brains processes with rewards, habits and motivation, the basal ganglia also have a role in illnesses like addiction. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on the optic nerve? This is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve (associated with the brain) instead of a spinal nerve (associated with the spinal cord). Chickenpox is caused by primary infection with the varicella-zoster virus. The vagus nerve is involved in visceral responses to taste, namely the gag reflex. As understanding of the basal ganglia grows, healthcare providers will have even more ways to diagnose and treat the conditions that affect them. Vagus nerve - Wikipedia Mitchell: Grays Anatomy for Students, 2nd edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier (2015), K. L. Moore, A. F. Dalley, A. M. R. Agur: Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2013). Note: In some individuals, the middle cervical ganglion is often absent and the inferior cervical ganglion is often fused with the first thoracic ganglion, as a result is known as the cervicothoracic ganglion. cranial nerve one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck dorsal (posterior) root ganglion sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve endoneurium innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve enteric plexus The functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both. If they do, they may end up with a permanent disability. lacrimal and superior salivatory nuclei of the brainstem send fibers in the pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion. By Steph Coelho The endoneurim is empty because the distal portion of the severed axon degenerates, a process called Wallerian (anterograde or orthograde) degeneration. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Terminal ganglia below the head and neck are often incorporated into the wall of the target organ as a plexus. Parasympathetic ganglia: Anatomy and function | Kenhub These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are . The basal ganglia are a key part of the network of brain cells and nerves that control your bodys voluntary movements. The central axon of these primary sensory neurons projects from their specific cranial nerve ganglia to the solitary tract in the medulla. Without the sense of smell, many sufferers complain of food tasting bland. Ganglia are of two types, sensory or autonomic. intervertebral neural foramina. The parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. There are also different kinds of connections that happen throughout the basal ganglia. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG), cranial nerve ganglia, and autonomic ganglia (AG) are the three types of PNS ganglia while the basal ganglia in the brain and retinal ganglion in the retina are the two types of CNS ganglia. Cranial nerves - Wikipedia Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. For example, the heart receives two inputs such as these; one increases heart rate, and the other decreases it. Among vertebrate animals there are three major groups of ganglia. The basal ganglia arent a single structure in your brain. Autonomic ganglia are in the sympathetic chain, the associated paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia, or in terminal ganglia near or within the organs controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia. The trochlear nerve and the abducens nerve are both responsible for eye movement, but do so by controlling different extraocular muscles. Another type of sensory ganglia, are the ones that are found in the cranial nerves. These structures are hence known as sensory ganglia. Available from: Nayagam, B. dense connective tissue capsule covers the ganglion, with a single layer of flat shaped satellite cells surrounding each neuronal cell body. A Some peripheral structures are incorporated into the other organs of the body. Reading time: 14 minutes. They are paired, and can be mixed (motor/sensory), and the brain equivalent of the spinal cord spinal nerves. You may bump into the term pseudoganglion. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. 13.2 Ganglia and Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia) of Currently, theres no cure for this disease. Blood tests (these can detect many problems, ranging from immune system problems to toxins and poisons, especially metals like copper, mercury or lead). Cranial nerve ganglia contain the cell bodies of cranial nerve neurons. Why are ganglia and nerves not surrounded by protective structures like the meninges of the CNS? Glial (pronounced glee-uhl) cells have many different purposes, helping develop and maintain neurons when youre young, and managing how the neurons work throughout your entire life. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543080/), (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001069.htm), (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537141/), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. Testing for neurological function involves a series of tests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. As the replacement of olfactory neurons declines with age, anosmia can set in. This page titled 12.5: Cranial Nerves is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) . Neurosci. Dorsal root ganglia contain clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies which transmit messages relating to pain, touch, and temperature from the PNS, towards the CNS. In this category we have two distinct groups: Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the nucleus ambiguus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the brainstem. For example, glaucoma is the result of vision-related ganglia damage. The vagus nerve primarily targets autonomic ganglia in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. The definition of nuclei and ganglia are as follows: Making up the nuclei and ganglia are the following: Neurons are the cells that send and relay signals through your nervous system, using both electrical and chemical signals. (2019). Last reviewed: November 24, 2022 They serve essentially as nerve relay stations, shuttling information back and forth between different parts of the nervous system. While theres still a lot that experts dont yet understand, advances in medical knowledge and technology are helping change that. Available from: de Castro DC, Marrone LC. All cranial nerves originate from nuclei in the brain. The Peripheral Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology Geniculate Ganglion: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment - Verywell Health The nerves that convey both are often related to each other. A type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). A ganglion (ganglia for plural) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. Motor ganglia receive information from the central nervous system to regulate and control involuntary movements and functions. A ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) . Cranial Nerve Ganglia A ganglion (ganglia for plural) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. trigeminal ganglion: The trigeminal ganglion (also called the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or Gasser's ganglion) is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) that occupies a cavity (Meckel's cave) in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. San Antonio College, ided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), 12.4: Brain- Diencephalon, Brainstem, Cerebellum and Limbic System, Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen, ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative, virtual slide of a nerve in longitudinal section, article about a man who wakes with a headache and a loss of vision, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Extraocular muscles (other 4), levator palpebrae superioris, ciliary ganglion (autonomic), Trigeminal nuclei in the midbrain, pons, and medulla, Facial nucleus, solitary nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, Facial muscles, Geniculate ganglion, Pterygopalatine ganglion (autonomic), Cochlear nucleus, Vestibular nucleus/cerebellum, Spiral ganglion (hearing), Vestibular ganglion (balance), Solitary nucleus, inferior salivatory nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, Pharyngeal muscles, Geniculate ganglion, Otic ganglion (autonomic), Terminal ganglia serving thoracic and upper abdominal organs (heart and small intestines), Distinguish between somatic and autonomic structures, including the special peripheral structures of the enteric nervous system, Name the twelve cranial nerves and explain the functions associated with each. One way to think of the basal ganglia is like a circuit board found in an electronic device. MedlinePlus. Embryologically, the glossopharyngeal nerve is associated with the derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch. The Basal Ganglia. Otic Ganglion: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment - Verywell Health They can approve or reject movement signals that your brain sends, filtering out unnecessary or incorrect signals. The roots of cranial nerves are within the skull, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are long because parasympathetic ganglia, towards which parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travel, tend to lie near or within the peripheral organs that they innervate. W.M. The ANS controls involuntary movements and functions, like your breathing. Originate within the lateral horn of the spinal cord, in the, Contain lightly myelinated preganglionic fibers, and unmyelinated postganglionic fibers, The ganglia that provide parasympathetic innervation to the. The dendrites (peripheral extensions) of these neurons receive the stimuli from the receptors in the organ of Corti, whereas their axons (central extensions) form the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Nerves are associated with the region of the CNS to which they are connected, either as cranial nerves connected to the brain or spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord. There are two types of ganglia in our bodiessensory and motor. Though the enteric nervous system receives input originating from central neurons of the autonomic nervous system, it does not require CNS input to function. Autonomic and sensory ganglia are Schmahmann JD. In: Kandel ER, Koester JD, Mack SH, Siegelbaum SA, eds. They are found in the posterior (dorsal) root of spinal nerves, following the emergence of the dorsal root, that emerges from the intervertebral neural foramina, contain clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies which transmit messages relating to. Haberberger R V, et al. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. [6], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. Conditions or injuries that may affect the basal ganglia include: The following conditions are known to affect the basal ganglia in the brain and voluntary movement: Unsurprisingly, conditions or injuries involving the basal ganglia are extremely serious and often lead to permanent disability or death. This lets you control certain muscles without also using other muscles that are nearby. Sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as Damage to the peripheral nervous system can happen due to: Treatment is different depending on the cause of ganglia damage. Those neurons receive afferent information from the dura of the posterior cranial fossa, the auditory meatus, and the auricle of the ear. The rich sensory experience of food is the result of odor molecules associated with the food, both as food is moved into the mouth, and therefore passes under the nose, and when it is chewed and molecules are released to move up the pharynx into the posterior nasal cavity.