MS2. The fragmentation depends on the structure of the molecule and the experimental conditions, such as gas pressure and collision energy. Chidella K, Dasari VB, and Anireddy J. New human clinical trials have thereby provided excellent results. In this study, we designed various real-time RT-PCRs utilizing the coliphage MS2 replicase gene, which differ in detection format, amplicon size, and efficiency of amplification. In the equation, E = m c 2, E stands for energy, m stands for an object's mass, and c 2 represents the speed of light ( 186,000 miles per second ) multiplied by itself. Sci. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. What does MS2 detected mean on a COVID-19 test? Your close relatives (like your parents, brothers, sisters, children) have a 50/50 random chance of inheriting the. <br>If you have been sick with COVID-19 symptoms, but haven't had an official diagnosis, that doesn't mean you are now immune, and that doesn't mean you can stop measures such as hand-washing and physical distancing. In DNA, the fourth is thymine and in RNA, uracil. MS2 Bacteriophage is a non-enveloped part of the Leviviridae category. Would you like email updates of new search results? molecules. The bacteriophage MS2 is a small, male-specific RNA bacteriophage that infects E. coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.Key Specifications Table. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This website uses cookies to improve your experience. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c0469112. The 95% detection limit was calculated by probit analysis to 44.9 copies per PCR (range, 38.4 to 73.4). MS2 is a virus that lacks an envelope and has a spherical shape. Biomol. Preliminary screening withMS2 can be auseful way to test the efficacy of potential formulations or contact times, without having to wait for results. Int. These configurations offer several possibilities for sample analysis. MS2 RNA is a type of small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) found in bacteria. Escherichia virus MS2 is an icosahedral virus having single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. Moreover, monitoring of specific fragment ions helps to improve the sensitivity of detection and thus enables quantification of smaller amounts of the target compounds. Careers. Sample preparation. While the LC system is operated at ambient pressures, the mass spectrometer is operated under vacuum and the two are coupled through an interface. Kuzmanovic, D. A., et al. Further, each point in the chromatogram is associated with a mass spectrum. Screening typically begins earlier than the general population and is often more frequently performed. The mobile phase flowing out of the column (the eluent) passes through a detector that responds to a certain physical or chemical property, such as refractive index or light absorption, of the analytes within it. Molecular methods for detecting pathogens in veterinary samples are becoming increasingly popular as they offer accurate detection at a fraction of the time and effort invested in traditional culture-based methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119373421.ch413. It is 23-28 nm in size and has a morphology and size that are closely related to the Picornaviridae family, which comprises various viruses that are pathogenic to humans, including poliovirus. The American Red Cross has committed to the safety of the people donating blood and platelets. MS2 Internal Control: MS2 in a patient result indicates that PCR amplification occurred in the well. FUCK ME NOW. MS2 Bacteriophage can infect male Escherichia coli. The site is secure. Calgua, B., et al. It analyzes the transcriptome, indicating which of the genes encoded in our DNA are turned on or off and to what extent. As more research is conducted, the relationship between antibodies and . 4 popular meanings of MS2 abbreviation: 12 Categories. 2022 Nov 28;17(11):e0277925. As demonstrated routinely, application of MS2 IC assays exhibits low variability and can be applied in various RT-PCR assays. what does ms2 detected mean what does ms2 detected mean Home Realizacje i porady Bez kategorii what does ms2 detected mean Chidella K, Dasari VB, and Anireddy J. You have an increased chance to develop colorectal, endometrial/uterine, stomach, ovarian, small bowel, and other types of cancer. While this is no mean task in itself, the potential need to analyze hundreds of samples as quickly as possible while ensuring data quality adds additional challenges.Coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) has provided analytical scientists with a powerful tool to meet these stringent demands. From pharmaceuticals and food to bodily fluids and soil, the analytical lab has seen an increasing need for accurate measurement of microgram and sub-microgram. PCR-based pathogen detection requires the use of appropriate controls. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Lunel-Fabiani F. Methods Mol Biol. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR--a perspective. Moreover, various modern approaches have been considered in vitro and animal modes as a trial of therapeutic. 2. By studying how a bacteriophage interacts with a disinfectant, we can learn a great deal about the potential effectiveness of the product. Viruses that come in small, non enveloped packages are the most difficult to kill. Epub 2010 Feb 25. The virus is part of a larger group of related bacteria, including phages (viruses that infect and replicate within specific types of bacteria) such as QP, F2, and GA. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus anthracis, and Clostridium botulinum are known to be infected by certain phages, which are known as Bacteriophages. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2a12775d11927d MS2 (an RNA bacteriophage) is an internal lysis, extraction and amplification control that is added to each clinical specimen as the first step of nucleic acid extraction. As a laboratory-based rather than in-field technique, the analysis of unstable or reactive samples by LC-MS can prove challenging. Ions with different m/z values travel at different velocities in the flight tube and are separated from one another. Please discuss this information with your healthcare provider. Assays have all of the SARS-CoV2 genomes of high quality and full sequence length given by the GISAID proposal. Coupling liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) has provided scientists with a powerful tool to meet stringent analytical demands and their versatility and efficiency means LC-MS instruments have become desirable in many laboratories. These compounds can range from low molecular mass analytes with m/z values < 1000 Da, to very high molecular mass proteins with m/z values > 100,000 Da. Metrol. RC buffer is typically used to stabilize RNA during cDNA synthesis. Efficacy of Chemical Treatments Against Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, and MS2 Bacteriophage. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7.3 (2010): 319-326. 1:43 pm junio 7, 2022. international diamond center appointment. The area of the analyte peak is used for its quantification. MS2 uses its filamentous structure, pili, to transfer its genetic material into the bacterial cell. Simultaneous and trace level quantification of five potential genotoxic impurities in ranolazine active pharmaceutical ingredient using LC-MS/MS. The time at which the detector sees the analyte is its RT. Talk to your doctor about which options may be right for you. and transmitted securely. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Viral disinfectant efficacy testing is generally known for its high maintenance costs. There may be more than one meaning of MS2, so check it out all meanings of MS2 one by one. After the passing of the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act, the first change to federal cosmetic regulation in the U.S. since 1938, our experts are here to help our clients navigate the new area and learn how changes can affect brand owners and cosmetic manufacturers. Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of bacterial infection, HHC News WOMENS HEALTH 31 JANUARY 2023. Cancer risks. top mum influencers australia LIVE; lesson plan for food chain grade 8; what does ms2 detected mean. 2016;17(11):1841. doi: 10.3390/ijms171118414. It means that your immune system is working properly and you are on your way to recovery. Performing preliminary screens with MS2 can allow you to test a large number of potentially efficacious formulations or evaluate multiple contact times without waiting weeks for results. Compared to the other small non-enveloped viruses, MS2 is observed to be more sensitive. The exception to this is Mycobacterium 2, which needs a bacteria cell to replicate, rather than mammalian cells. Menu It is possible to operate a TQMS in four different modes5 (Figure 3), namely:- Precursor ion scan the first quadrupole (Q1) is scanned over a mass range to select the precursor of a specific product ion (m/z value) which is then monitored in the last quadrupole (Q3).-Product ion scan Q1 is set to transmit only the pre-defined precursor (m/z) to the collision cell, while Q3 is scanned over a mass range to identify the fragments obtained under the experimental condition.-Neutral loss (NL) both Q1 and Q3 are scanned to identify all the precursors that give rise to the products by the loss of the same neutral (uncharged) species from all the precursors. Zbornkov E, Knejzlk Z, Hauryliuk V, Krsn L, Rejman D. Analysis of nucleotide pools in bacteria using HPLC-MS in HILIC mode. Part of the LabX Media Group. 2010 Jun;166(1-2):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.017. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Castelain S, Descamps V, Thibault V, Franois C, Bonte D, Morel V, Izopet J, Capron D, Zawadzki P, Duverlie G. J Clin Virol. Not limited to genomic sequences unlike hybridization-based approaches, which may require species-specific probes, RNA-seq can detect transcripts from organisms with previously undetermined genomic sequences. The amplified current generated by the flow of the secondary electrons is measured and correlated to the ion concentrations in the mass spectrometer at any given instant in time (Figure 1). Moreover, it spreads antibiotic resistance to preceding antibiotic-susceptible bacterial cells. Viral disinfectant efficacy testing has a reputation for slow study turn around times and high costs, largely because of the time and work it takes to propagate viruses and maintain host cell lines. An ADAMs family protein encoded by ADAM8 on chromosome 10q26.3. Lng M, Allard A, Blomqvist S, Iranto I, Vuorinen T, Tapio AH, Vainio J. PLoS One. What does MS2 mean as an abbreviation? It infects Escherichia coli bacteria and other different members of the Enterobacteriaceae. LC brings about a physical separation of the analytes in a liquid sample or a solution of a solid sample. MS2 is a part of closely related bacterial viruses such as Bacteriophage Q, bacteriophage f2, GA, and R17. These aid in result interpretation by identifying adverse factors such as contamination, inhibition of the amplification reaction, or problems during nucleic acid extraction. Enveloped viruses Most easy to inactivate. It is because of the time taken and the work required to propagate viruses and keep up the host cell lines. It serves the purpose of protein-synthesizing, elongation, initiation, and termination of polypeptide synthesis, For various functional and structural studies, For increasing the yield of RNA at the time of RNA isolation or extraction. List of 4 best MS2 meaning forms based on popularity. Efficient production of inhibitor-free foamy virus glycoprotein-containing retroviral vectors by proteoglycan-deficient packaging cells. You can read our Cookie Policy here. E.g., papillomavirus, adenovirus, or rotavirus. The area of the analyte peak is used for its quantification. Adsorption of analytes impacts the accuracy and precision of the assay. The MS2 studies are conducted at lower costs than the other viruses. Between June 15 and September 12 of last year, they tested for more than 1.6 million units of blood, platelets and plasma. Talanta. J Mol Endocrinol. The flight paths of the ions are altered by varying the applied fields which ensures their separation from one another on the basis of their mass-to-charge (m/z) values. what does ms2 detected mean. To minimize contamination:- High-purity solvents, water and reagents should be used for the preparation of mobile phases.- Freshly prepared mobile phases must be used to minimize the chance of microbial contamination of aqueous mobile phase and polymerization of acetonitrile (ACN).- Use of soap or detergent to clean glassware should be avoided as they can be hard to remove and can cause interference during analysis.- High purity gases (e.g., commonly used nitrogen gas of purity > 95%) must be used.- Nitrogen generators must be well-maintained and the gas cylinder must be replaced when the pressure falls below the acceptable level.- Analytes must be extracted from the sample matrix and chromatographic parameters optimized to improve the resolution of analyte peaks from interfering peaks. After docking on human cells, the virus. The absence of a membrane makes Microsporum sp. So I had COVID about 2 weeks ago and the symptoms were very mild. into the 3UTR of the transcript of interest; this sequence is then recognized and bound by a fluorescently tagged protein or other molecule using live or fixed cells. High stability of the MS2 phage preparations stored at -20 degrees C, 4 degrees C, and room temperature was demonstrated. The coliphage, or MS2, is a virus that is commonly used to test the effectiveness of water filters and purifiers. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2021.1210015. MS2 virions are 23-28 nm in diameter, putting them in the category of small non-enveloped viruses like canine parvovirus and human poliovirus. This is the preferred mode of operation for accurate quantification of known compounds in a sample. Country (required) When I got my results back from my Covid-19 test, I was relieved to see that it came back negative. This method is less time-intensive and costly than using mammalian host cells. Kharbouche L,Gil Garca MD,Lozano A,Hamaizi H,Martnez Galera M.Determination of personal care products in water using UHPLCMS after solid phase extraction with mesoporous silicabased MCM41 functionalized with cyanopropyl groups. Infection-competent monkeypox virus contamination identified in domestic settings following an imported case of monkeypox into the UK. The internal control, or "MS2", indicates whether the proper steps were taken during the PCR process. While LC-MS confers several advantages for trace analysis in complex matrices, several precautions have to be taken to overcome the following challenges while using this technique.13, The sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and resolution of analysis is impacted by contaminants, such as metal ions, phthalates, polyethylene glycol (PEG), slip agents, water and particles entering the system from various sources such as:- reagents and solvents- water used for preparing buffers- chemicals leaching from glassware- microcentrifuge tubes- inlet filters- solvent lines- instrument parts, such as pump seals- gases used for desolvation of the eluent in the source and in the collision cell- the sample itself, The contaminants can interfere with the analysis by:- suppressing or enhancing the ionization of analyte(s) in the source- forming adducts with the analytes- masking the analyte peaks and/or appearing as ghost peaks in the chromatogram- making the baseline noisy- fouling the system and the column, requiring frequent maintenance and replacement of parts. Determination of dihydrocapsaicin adulteration in dietary supplements using LC-MS/MS. The EPA currently recognizes a disinfection hierarchy for viruses, which is generally applied when performing bridging or towelette testing. Additionally, the non-competitive design of the IC assay prevents competition for other reaction components and assay pre-optimization with QuantiFast Pathogen Master Mix ensures that the sensitivity of pathogen detection is not impaired by duplexing with the IC (see figures, QIAGEN Internal Controls behave predictably in the presence of PCR inhibitors. Cardiology, Neurology, and Rare Disease Health Plan Requirements Guide, Your testing shows that you have a pathogenic mutation or a variant that is likely pathogenic in the. The quadrupole can be used either to transmit the ions or to isolate a specific precursor ion which is then fragmented in the collision cell. In fact, the word bacteriophage literally means bacteria eater, because bacteriophages destroy their host cells. Rev. adenovirus, rotavirus, or papillomavirus, e.g. 2 weeks after COVID and still feel like crap. The propagation of viral strains and the maintenance of host cells is notoriously time consuming, which can make virus disinfection studies take a long time to complete. There are risk management options to detect cancer early or lower the risk to develop cancer. Copyright 2023. Specific and rapid SARS-CoV-2 identification based on LC-MS/MS analysis. There are risk management options to detect cancer early or lower the risk to develop cancer. Silvester S, Zang F. Overcoming non-specific adsorption issues for AZD9164 in human urine samples: Consideration of bioanalytical and metabolite identification procedures, Combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), chromatographic parameters can also be optimized, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119373421.ch4, 2023 Technology Networks, all rights reserved. Options for early detection and prevention for uterine and/or ovarian cancer may include: random endometrial biopsies, transvaginal ultrasounds, CA-125 blood test, and options for preventive surgeries. 2009;510:3-14. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-394-3_1. All rights reserved. This simple control can help ensure the accuracy of your results. Although a wide variety of detectors of differing technologies and sensitivities have been coupled with LC for analyzing different sample types, the mass spectrometer has emerged as a selective, sensitive and universal detector. in HCV RT-PCRs. This mode is preferred for compound quantification due to its specificity and sensitivity. Please enter the letters and/or numbers shown in the image above. Options for early detection and prevention for uterine and/or ovarian cancer may include: random endometrial biopsies, transvaginal ultrasounds, CA-125 blood test, and options for preventive surgeries. (2018); 3(4):5158. During the next cycle, the probe region of the scorpion hybridizes intramolecularly to the newly synthesized target sequence (D). Lynch syndrome. The F+-specific coliphage MS2 has been widely used as a surrogate for human enteric viruses in many studies on virus transport, disinfection, and fate (1, 5, 17, 20, 21). Currently, phages are recognized as alternative therapeutics due to emerging hazards. MS2 RNA was discovered in the early 1990s and is now known to play a role in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors. The soft ionization of the compounds predominantly gives the molecular ion and the isotopic peaks which are helpful in the determination of the accurate mass and putative formula of the analyte. Conventional phage therapy makes use of lytic phage for treatment. e. g. The virus that causes the common cold is most commonly the Rhino Virus. MS2 Meaning 1. A positive result from a Covid-19 antibody test indicates past exposure to the virus. Adding the MS2 Phage Control to your samples before extracting RNA is an important way to validate the effectiveness of your research and ensure that there are no inhibitors present in the PCR reaction. Bacteriophage MS2: Molecular Weight and Spatial Distribution of the Protein and RNA Components by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Virus Counting. Structure 11.11 (2003): 1339-1348. . These viruses are called bacteriophages. E.g., poliovirus, rhinovirus, or enterovirus. We've updated our Privacy Policy to make it clearer how we use your personal data. 2022 Oct 14;10(10):611. doi: 10.3390/toxics10100611. Most common MS2 abbreviation full forms updated in January 2023. Keep up on new methods and EPA/FDA news. government site. MS2 is a good screening tool for disinfectants and sterilization processes. The analytes that have the least interaction with the stationary phase emerge from the column first. MS2 virions are measured to be 23-28 nm in diameter. 2019; 205.120161. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.12016111. It hijacks the host cell's DNA replication mechanism and uses it to replicate itself until the host is completely destroyed. MS2 is a good screening tool for disinfectants and sterilization processes. Medical, Tasmania, . The time a specific analyte spends in the column is characteristic of that analyte and is called its retention time (RT). MS2 is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms The Free Dictionary If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.004. The virus is 23-28 nanometers in size, putting it in the same category of small, non enveloped, human pathogens such as Canine Parvovirus and Human Polio Virus. You may also have an increased risk for stomach, ovarian, small bowel, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, sebaceous, and possibly other types of cancer such as prostate cancer. The protein called Ms2 binds to the female F-pilus of E. coli, causing the bacteria to clump together. Sort. From pharmaceuticals and food to bodily fluids and soil, the analytical lab has seen an increasing need for accurate measurement of microgram and sub-microgram quantities of targets, sometimes in complex matrices. ACS Omega2021;6(5):35253534. The abundances of the ions measured during the analysis of a sample by LC-MS are plotted as a total ion chromatogram (TIC). By operating the MS in SIM or SRM mode, it is possible to achieve limits of detection in the range of ng/mL or even pg/mL. Find more ways to say detected, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. MS2 bacteriophage is more resistant to inactivation than enveloped viruses,but is more sensitive to inactivation than other small non-enveloped viruses. MS2 RNA coding for viral polypeptides includes protein A, coat protein, and RNA replicase complex. The kit is approved for use with RNA extracted from the below: Nasopharyngeal aspirate (nasal aspirate), The TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit is a single (1,000 reactions), TaqPath COVID-19 Assay Multiplex multiplexed assays have 3 primer/probe sets precise to diverse SARS-CoV-2 genomic areas and primers/probes for Bacteriophage MS2, MS2 Phage Control A RNA control to validate the effectiveness of the sample research and the absence of inhibitors in the PCR reaction; to execute the control, adding 10 L of MS2 Phage Control to the samples before extracting the RNA. Atkinson B, Burton C, Pottage T, Thompson KA, Ngabo D, Crook A, Pitman J, Summers S, Lewandowski K, Furneaux J, Davies K, Brooks T, Bennett AM, Richards KS. Clin. Many people are familiar with viruses that infect mammalian cells (e.g. MS2 is a bacteriophage that infects "male" Eschericia coli. Bacteriophage therapy is known as the application of phages to treat bacterial infections. The male E. coli virus, orMS2, is a type of phage that attacks female bacteria. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. This is due to the absence of time-intensive cell propagations and passages. 2022 Oct;24(10):4561-4569. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.16129. As a mass spectrometer is a destructive detector, care has to be taken when handling samples that may not be readily available or that are not obtainable in large amounts. MS2 transports its genetic material into the bacterial cell. Four sets of RT-PCR, MeSH Further improvements in sample identification and accurate quantification can be achieved by coupling two mass analyzers that are operated in series. influenza, herpes virus, or hepatitis virus. The cancer genetics field is continuously evolving, so updates related to your MSH2 result, medical recommendations, and/or potential treatments may be available over time. Pabbaraju K, Wong AA, Douesnard M, Ma R, Gill K, Dieu P, Fonseca K, Zelyas N, Tipples GA. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. Enter your e-mail and subscribe to our newsletter. 2004 Nov;31(3):227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.009. doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.13726407. Epub 2007 Jun 28. For sensitive and reliable detection of viral RNA/DNA and bacterial DNA, including internal control, Tagged Protein Expression, Purification, Detection, Reverse Transcription & cDNA Synthesis for qPCR, SYBR Green- or Dye-Based One-Step qRT-PCR, Commercial Partner and Distributor Solutions, High linearity and precision of singleplex and duplex detection, No loss of sensitivity when including the Internal Control, Correct interpretation of negative results, Superior performance of the QuantiFast Pathogen +IC RT-PCR Kit compared to an alternative kit, Serves as control for purification procedure, Differentiates purification errors from amplification errors, Template quantities are defined and consistent. Viruses such as Rhinovirus, Influenza, Coronavirus, SARS, and Poliovirus are known to infect mammalian cells. The cancer genetics field is continuously evolving, so updates related to your PMS2 result, medical recommendations, and/or potential treatments may be available over time. For example, ruling out the possibility that your reaction has been contaminated leading to a false positive result requires the use of adequate negative controls. Think of mass as simply the quantity of matter present. The complex represses translation of the early replicase gene and identifies the RNA for future packaging into virus particles by forming an initiation complex. 2 more resistant to chemicals and environmental stress. Duplex scorpion structure. separates the analytes on the basis of their ionic charges. The elements of the MS2 duplex scorpion showing the probe sequence (box), primer (arrow), PCR blocker, and fluorophores FAM and ROX (A). Determination of personal care products in water using UHPLCMS after solid phase extraction with mesoporous silica, 41 functionalized with cyanopropyl groups. The mass spectrum depicts the ion abundances versus the measured m/z values (Figure 2). Alternatively, ensuring that your test would have detected the pathogen had it been present in the sample (i.e., reducing false negative results) requires the use of appropriate positive controls. Another approach is to add blocking agents that minimize the interaction of the analyte with the inner surfaces of the containers.14. [1] MS2 is a member of a family of closely related bacterial viruses that includes bacteriophage f2, bacteriophage Q, R17, and GA. [2] Unlike other detectors, the LC eluent carrying the separated analytes is not allowed to flow into the mass spectrometer. eCollection 2021 Mar. The scan range of Q3 is offset by the NL value.-Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) both Q1 and Q3 are set to monitor specific m/z values for precursor and product ions. This makes MS2 an ideal choice for cost-effective screening. Some bacteria, such as E. Coli, can exchange some of their DNA with other cells in a process called Horizontal Gene Transfer. While other phages are more commonly used, there is evidence to suggest that the sensitivity of this virus to disinfectants such as UV light and quaternium-ammonium-based products makes it useful for testing. How to use detect in a sentence. These secondary electrons are multiplied by cascading them through a series of dynodes. Register for FREE to listen to this article. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The sample throughput is moderate in comparison to other analytical techniques. MS2. Markgraf DF, Al-Hasani H, Lehr S. LipidomicsReshaping the analysis and perception of Type 2 diabetes. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. If MS2 is detected without SARS-CoV-2, it indicates that the sample was properly extracted and amplified, but that no virus was present. LC-MS is suitable for the analysis of polar and non-polar compounds, as well as thermolabile molecules. Grebe SK, Singh RJ. Such viruses are known as bacteriophages. The quantification of phage and template RNA was performed by plating assays to determine PFU or via real-time RT-PCR. An official website of the United States government. Medhe S. Mass spectrometry: Detectors review. The mass spectrum of a compound not only provides information about the mass of the parent compound (from the m/z value of its ion), but also helps to elucidate the structure of the compound from the relative abundances of isotopic mass peaks. Since the spectra obtained depend on the experimental conditions, including the instrument type, the scope for compound identification via comparison to the reference spectra is limited. Some analytes will interact more strongly with the stationary phase than others, resulting in their separation as they pass through the column.